Topics:

• What is Flashing, Cavitation in control valve ?
• Open-loop and closed-loop control systems.
• Control Valve Flow Characteristics
• Leakage classification of Control Valves.
• Valve coefficient(Cv), Flow factor(Kv), and their Relationship?.

• What is “As-Found” and “As-Left” calibration data?
• Signal Generator and Types
• Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO): Working and Applications
• Types of Batteries and their important Characteristics.
• What are the basic concepts of industrial instrumentation?